Between the 16th and 19th centuries, the Mughal Empire ruled over a large portion of the Indian subcontinent. The empire spanned a period of around 200 years, extending from the western margins of the Indus River basin, northern Afghanistan, and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of modern-day Assam and Bangladesh in the east, and the uplands of the Deccan Plateau in south India. It includes parts of Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India as they are now.

Babur established the Mughal empire in 1526 when he beat Ibrahim Lodi, the Sultan of Delhi, in the First Battle of Panipat. However, the Mughal imperial building has occasionally been assigned a date of 1600, under the reign of Akbar, Babur’s grandson. This imperial system persisted until 1720, not long after the passing of Aurangzeb, the last significant emperor, who also oversaw the empire’s greatest geographic expansion. Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the kingdom was eventually diminished to the area in and around Old Delhi by 1760. The British Raj then formally disbanded the empire.

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Between 1540 and 1556, the Afghan dynasty known as the Sur Empire dominated a sizable region in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. Its capital was Sasaram, which is now in the Indian state of Bihar.

Nearly the entire Mughal Empire was under the Sur dynasty’s rule, from modern-day Rakhine, Myanmar in the east to eastern Balochistan, Pakistan.

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An early modern Indian confederacy known as the Maratha Empire, sometimes known as the Maratha Confederacy, rose to power in the 18th century and came to rule a large portion of the Indian subcontinent. Shivaji of the Bhonsle Dynasty was crowned the Chhatrapati in 1674, marking the official start of Maratha power.

They are credited with founding the Maratha Empire and putting a stop to Mughal rule over the Indian subcontinent. When Peshwa Bajirao II was defeated by the British East India Company in the Third Anglo-Maratha War in 1818, Maratha dominion came to an end.

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The British East India Company ruled over the Indian subcontinent during the period known as “company rule” or “Company Raj” in India.
After the Battle of Plassey, when the Nawab of Bengal was overthrown and replaced by a different person (Mir Jafar) who had the backing of the East India Company, it is thought to have started in 1757.

The reign continued until 1858 when the British government took over the responsibility of running India directly under the new British Raj due to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the Government of India Act of 1858 that followed.

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Traditional accounts place the establishment of the kingdom of Mysore in southern India around the year 1399, close to the present-day city of Mysore. It was a princely state from 1799 until 1950, and from 1947 till 1947 it had a secondary alliance with British India. In 1831, the British established Direct Control over the Princely State.
The ruler remained Rajapramukh until 1956, when he was appointed the first Governor of the newly founded state, Mysore State (later combined with other Kannada-speaking territories and changing to Karnataka).

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Under Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s direction, a kingdom called the Sikh Empire was constructed in the Indian subcontinent.

The empire existed from 1799, when Maharaja Ranjit Singh seized Lahore, to 1849, when it was defeated and conquered in the Second Anglo-Sikh War.

It was the British Empire’s final significant annexation of the Indian subcontinent.

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During the British Raj, Cooch Behar, also known as Koch Bihar, was a princely state in India. The state was assigned to the Bengal States Agency, which is part of the Bengal Presidency’s Eastern States Agency. It is located in present-day West Bengal, south of the Himalayan monarchy of Bhutan.

Koch Bihar was directly challenged by the Mughal Empire. After surviving the Mughal menace, a new rival in the form of an expansionist Bhutanese kingdom developed. This resulted in a succession of conflicts with Bhutanese and Tibetans.

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The Twipra Kingdom was one of the major mediaeval Tripuri kingdoms in Northeast India.

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The Kingdom of Sikkim, officially Dremoshong until the 1800s, was an Eastern Himalayan hereditary monarchy that flourished from 1642 to May 16, 1975, when it joined with the Republic of India. Chogyals of the Namgyal dynasty governed it.

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